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Refuse & Resist! ("R&R!") was a human rights activist group founded in New York City in 1987 〔Olson, Bruce. "Radicals call for new organization." United Press International. May 20, 1987. PM Cycle. Domestic News.〕 by Emile de Antonio, Dore Ashton, Dennis Brutus, John Gerassi, Abbie Hoffman, William Kunstler, C. Clark Kissinger, Conrad Lynn, Sonia Sanchez, Rev. Fernando Santillana, and other activists who were concerned that the American government, epitomized by U.S. President Ronald Reagan, advocated a far right-wing political program directed against the political rights of its people.〔See ("A History of Refuse & Resist" ). ("Revised (January 2007 ).") Accessed 15 March 2009.〕〔Refuse & Resist! Founding Statement. June 1987.〕 Artist Keith Haring created R&R!'s logo in 1988. The organization's national office was located in New York City, with chapters at various times in Atlanta, Georgia; Chicago, Illinois; Honolulu, Hawaii; Los Angeles, California; Miami, Florida; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; New York City and the San Francisco Bay Area.〔Counterattack! The newsletter of Refuse & Resist! Fall 1996.〕 The organization officially dissolved in 2006.〔 At that time, the national office closed, and the organization's files transferred to the Tamiment Library at New York University.〔Tamiment Library & Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives. Collections List & Guide. Accessed at http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/tam/fa_index.html〕 Refuse & Resist! opposed censorship,〔Morris, Chris. "Quayle, Congressmen, L.A. Pols Join 'Cop Killer' Posse." Billboard. July 4, 1992. Los Angeles.〕 war,〔"A soldier refuses to go." Toronto Star. October 16, 1990. Final Edition.〕〔Haring, "Bruce. Some 2,000 protesters stage rally outside hotel where Bush speaks." Associated Press. June 27, 2003. BC Cycle. Los Angeles.〕 acts of police brutality,〔Rashbaum, William. "Marchers Protest Diallo Verdict, Taunting Police Along the Way." New York Times. February 27, 2000. Late Edition - Final.〕〔Collins, Terry. "Twin Cities demonstrators protest Diallo verdict." Star Tribune. (Minneapolis, MN). February 29, 2000. Metro Edition.〕 in support of political prisoners and against the death penalty.〔Devall, Cheryl. "3,000 March in L.A. Over Death Penalty." San Jose Mercury News (California). August 14, 2000. Morning Final Edition.〕 The organization advocated reproductive rights〔"Pro-Choice Medical Students Honor Abortion Providers Nationwide; Efforts Are Part of Nationwide 'National Day of Appreciation for Abortion Providers'" PR Newswire. March 8, 2001. Domestic News.〕 and played an active role in the defense of abortion clinics.〔Ciotta, Rose. "Abortion Face-Off in N.Y. / Foes Began a Week of Protests in Buffalo, Met by Demonstrating Rights Activists." Philadelphia Inquirier. April 19, 1999. SF Edition.〕 It also supported rights for undocumented immigrants.〔Douthat, Bill. "Changing of Asylum Rules Urged." Palm Beach Post (Florida). February 11, 1994. Final Edition.〕 The group did not endorse candidates for elected public office.〔〔Refuse & Resist! Principles of Unity. organizational document. June 1987.〕 ==Governance and methods== The organization was made up of affiliated independent organizations, individuals, local chapters, and less formal national 'networks' organized around specific initiatives or interests. The central form of the organization was a National Council which met periodically to "identify new reactionary attacks and to encourage resistance to them."〔("By-Laws of Refuse & Resist!" ) ("approved by the Founding National Conference, New York City, June 6 & 7, 1987"). Accessed March 15, 2009.〕 From September 1987 through early 2002, Refuse & Resist! published the print periodical ''CounterAttack'' and from 1995 until 2006 it maintained the ''Refuse & Resist!'' website as media for information about political and social events of concern in the United States and internationally.〔The URL http://www.refuseandresist.org is operable but abandoned. accessed 4 August 2011.〕 In 1988, R&R! organized ''Resist in Concert!'' at the New York Palladium,〔Watrous, Peter. "Artists Blend Resistance And Rap." New York Times. December 2, 1988. C-20. Late City Final Edition.〕 with performances by Sinéad O'Connor, Afrika Bambaataa, De La Soul, Ikey C & Easy-Ad, Karen Finley, Lenny Kaye, Shinehead, and others.〔〔''Resist in Concert!''. Special issue of ''CounterAttack: The Newsletter of Refuse & Resist!'' New York: Refuse & Resist!, 1988.〕 In addition to the ''Resist in Concert!'' initiative, Refuse & Resist! involved and supported progressive art and artists, including supporting artists and arts organizations whose work was the object of governmental repression. Visual and performing artists, especially in New York and Los Angeles, were active in the Artists' Network of Refuse & Resist! and experimented with ways to integrate political themes of resistance with aesthetic expression.〔Pollack, Barbara. "The Art of War." Village Voice (New York). April 8, 2003.〕〔"Stage Left." Village Voice (New York). December 4, 2001.〕〔Derwent, Charles. "Obituary: Leon Golub; Painter of Figurative Work Attacking The Brutality of War." The Independent (London). August 25, 2004.〕 R&R! initiated a periodic Courageous Resister Award to recognize important individual acts of resistance and in support of civil rights and civil liberties. Recipients included health care workers, activists against police brutality, artists, and even small towns. The first awards were presented at Resist in Concert! 1988, by Susan Sarandon, Robbie Conal, and Philip Agee. R&R! organized public demonstrations and other forms of protest in support of abortion rights, immigrants' rights, political prisoners, and for other causes. For example, R&R! activists were actively involved in demonstrations against the 1991 invasion of Iraq 〔McShane, Larry. "Anti-War Groups Plan Parade Protests." Associated Press. June 9, 1991. AM Cycle.〕 and marched with thousands in the streets of New York City to protest the politics of the 2004 Republican National Convention.〔Richman, Josh. "Delegates encounter pride and prejudice face pride, protests; New York experience described as 'whirlwind'" San Mateo County Times (California). September 2, 2004.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Refuse & Resist!」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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